Pendahuluan Etika Sebagai Tinjauan

Pengertian ETIKA

Menurut James J.Spillane SJ berpendapat bahwa etika atau ethics memperhatikan dan mempertimbangkan tingkah laku manusia dalam pengambilan keputusan moral. Menurut O.P. Simorangkir, etika atau etik adalan pandangan manusia dalam berperilaku menurut ukuran dan nilai yang baik.

Menurut Maryani & Ludigdo (2001) “Etika adalah seperangkat aturan atau norma atau pedoman yang mengatur perilaku manusia, baik yang harus dilakukan maupun yang harus ditinggalkan yang di anut oleh sekelompok atau segolongan masyarakat atau profesi”.

Berdasarkan Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1995), pengertian etika adalah sebagai berikut :

Etika merupakan ilmu tentang apa yang baik dan yang buruk serta tentang hak dan kewajiban moral (akhlak);

Etika (Yunani Kuno : "ethikos", berarti "timbul dari kebiasaan") adalah sebuah sesuatu di mana dan bagaimana cabang utama filsafat yang mempelajari nilai atau kualitas yang menjadi studi mengenai standar dan penilaian moral. Etika mencakup analisis dan penerapan konsep seperti benar, salah, baik, buruk, dan tanggung jawab. St. John of Damascus (abad ke-7 Masehi) menempatkan etika di dalam kajian filsafat praktis (practical philosophy).

Etika dimulai bila manusia merefleksikan unsur-unsur etis dalam pendapat-pendapat spontan kita. Kebutuhan akan refleksi itu akan kita rasakan, antara lain karena pendapat etis kita tidak jarang berbeda dengan pendapat orang lain. Untuk itulah diperlukan etika, yaitu untuk mencari tahu apa yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh manusia.

Secara metodologis, tidak setiap hal menilai perbuatan dapat dikatakan sebagai etika. Etika memerlukan sikap kritis, metodis, dan sistematis dalam melakukan refleksi. Karena itulah etika merupakan suatu ilmu. Sebagai suatu ilmu, objek dari etika adalah tingkah laku manusia. Akan tetapi berbeda dengan ilmu-ilmu lain yang meneliti juga tingkah laku manusia, etika memiliki sudut pandang normatif. Maksudnya etika melihat dari sudut baik dan buruk terhadap perbuatan manusia.

Perilaku manusia ini ditentukan oleh bermacam-macam norma. Norma ini terbagi menjadi

1.      Norma Hukum

Norma hukum berasal dari hukum dan perundang-undangan

2.      Norma Agama

Berasal dari agama/ kepercayaan kepada Tuhan.

3.      Norma Moral

Berasal dari suara batin atau etika.

4.      Norma Sopan Santun

Norma sopan santun berasal dari kehidupan sehari-hari

Prinsip-Prinsip Etika

Dalam peradaban sejarah manusia sejak abad keempat sebelum Masehi para pemikir telah mencoba menjabarkan berbagai corak landasan etika sebagai pedoman hidup bermasyarakat. Para pemikir itu telah mengidentifikasi sedikitnya terdapat ratusan macam ide agung (great ideas). Seluruh gagasan atau ide agung tersebut dapat diringkas menjadi enam prinsip yang merupakan landasan penting etika, yaitu keindahan, persamaan, kebaikan, keadilan, kebebasan, dan kebenaran.

1.      Prinsip Keindahan

Prinsip ini mendasari segala sesuatu yang mencakup penikmatan rasa senang terhadap keindahan. Berdasarkan prinsip ini, manusia memperhatikan nilai-nilai keindahan dan ingin menampakkan sesuatu yang indah dalam perilakunya. Misalnya dalam berpakaian, penataan ruang, dan sebagainya sehingga membuatnya lebih bersemangat untuk bekerja.

2.      Prinsip Persamaan

Setiap manusia pada hakikatnya memiliki hak dan tanggung jawab yang sama, sehingga muncul tuntutan terhadap persamaan hak antara laki-laki dan perempuan, persamaan ras, serta persamaan dalam berbagai bidang lainnya. Prinsip ini melandasi perilaku yang tidak diskrminatif atas dasar apapun.

3.      Prinsip Kebaikan

Prinsip ini mendasari perilaku individu untuk selalu berupaya berbuat kebaikan dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya. Prinsip ini biasanya berkenaan dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan seperti hormat- menghormati, kasih sayang, membantu orang lain, dan sebagainya. Manusia pada hakikatnya selalu ingin berbuat baik, karena dengan berbuat baik dia akan dapat diterima oleh lingkungannya. Penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan pelayanan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat sesungguhnya bertujuan untuk menciptakan kebaikan bagi masyarakat.

4.      Prinsip Keadilan

Pengertian keadilan adalah kemauan yang tetap dan kekal untuk memberikan kepada setiap orang apa yang semestinya mereka peroleh. Oleh karena itu, prinsip ini mendasari seseorang untuk bertindak adil dan proporsional serta tidak mengambil sesuatu yang menjadi hak orang lain.

5.      Prinsip Kebebasan

Kebebasan dapat diartikan sebagai keleluasaan individu untuk bertindak atau tidak bertindak sesuai dengan pilihannya sendiri. Dalam prinsip kehidupan dan hak asasi manusia, setiap manusia mempunyai hak untuk melakukan sesuatu sesuai dengan kehendaknya sendiri sepanjang tidak merugikan atau mengganggu hak-hak orang lain. Oleh karena itu, setiap kebebasan harus diikuti dengan tanggung jawab sehingga manusia tidak melakukan tindakan yang semena-mena kepada orang lain. Untuk itu kebebasan individu disini diartikan sebagai:

1.      kemampuan untuk berbuat sesuatu atau menentukan pilihan

2.      kemampuan yang memungkinkan manusia untuk melaksana-kan pilihannya tersebut

3.      kemampuan untuk mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya.

6.      Prinsip Kebenaran

Kebenaran biasanya digunakan dalam logika keilmuan yang muncul dari hasil pemikiran yang logis/rasional. Kebenaran harus dapat dibuktikan dan ditunjukkan agar kebenaran itu dapat diyakini oleh individu dan masyarakat. Tidak setiap kebenaran dapat diterima sebagai suatu kebenaran apabila belum dapat dibuktikan. Semua prinsip yang telah diuraikan itu merupakan prasyarat dasar dalam pengembangan nilai-nilai etika atau kode etik dalam hubungan antarindividu, individu dengan masyarakat, dengan pemerintah, dan sebagainya. Etika yang disusun sebagai aturan hukum yang akan mengatur kehidupan manusia, masyarakat, organisasi, instansi pemerintah, dan pegawai harus benar-benar dapat menjamin terciptanya keindahan, persamaan, kebaikan, keadilan, kebebasan, dan kebenaran bagi setiap orang.

Basis Teori Etika

Pelaku usaha dapat memperoleh ilmu etika melalui teori etika, selain pengalaman dan informasi moral yang diterima dari berbagai sumber. Dalam teori etika terungkap etika deontologi, etika teleologi, etika hak dan etika Keutamaan.

1)      Etika Deontologi

Istilah deontologi berasal dari kata Yunani deon yang  berkewajiban" atau sesuai dengan prosedur dan logos yang berarti ilmu atau teori. Menurut teori ini beberapa prinsip moral itu bersifat mengikat betapapun akibatnya. Etika ini menekankankan kewajiban manusia untuk bertindak secara baik. Suatu tindakan itu baik bukan dinilai dan dibenarkan berdasarkan akibat atau tujuan baik dari tindakan itu, melainkan berdasarkan tindakan itu sendiri sebagai baik pada dirinya sendiri. Atau dengan kata lain tindakan itu bernilai moral karena tindakan itu dilaksanakan berdasarkan kewajiban yang memang harus dilaksanakan terlepas dari tujuan atau akibat dari tindakan itu. Teori ini menekankan kewajiban sebagai tolak ukur bagi penilaian baik atau buruknya perbuatan manusia, dengan mengabaikan dorongan lain seperti rasa cinta atau belas kasihan.

2)      Etika Teleologi

Istilah teleologi berasal dari kata Yunani telos yang berarti tujuan, sasaran atau hasii dan logos yang berarti ilmu atau teori. Etika ini mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan yang mau dicapai dengan tin­dakan itu, atau berdasarkan konsekuensi yang ditimbulkan oleh tindakan itu. Suatu tindakan dinilai baik, kalau bertujuan mencapai sesuatu yang baik, atau kalau konsekuensi yang ditimbulkannya baik dan berguna. Bila kita akan memutuskan apa yang benar, kita tidak hanya melihat konsekuensi keputusan tersebut dari sudut pandang kepentingan diri sendiri.

3)      Etika Hak

Etika Hak memberi, bekal kepada pebisnis untuk mengevaluasi apakah tindakan, perbuatan dan kebijakan bisnisnya telah tergolong baik atau buruk dengan menggunakan kaidah hak seseorang. Hak seseorang sebagai manusia tidak dapat dikorbankan oleh orang lain apa statusnya.

Hak manusia adalah hak yang dianggap melekat pada setiap manusia, sebab berkaitan dengan realitas hidup manusia sendiri. Etika hak kadangkala dinamakan "hak manusia" sebab manusia berdasarkan etika hams dinilai menurut martabatnya. Etika hak mempunyai sifat dasar dan asasi (human rights), sehingga etika hak tersebut merupakan hak yang; (1) Tidak dapat dicabut atau direbut karena sudah ada sejak manusia itu ada; (2) Tidak tergantung dari persetujuan orang; (3) Merupakan bagian dari eksistensi manusia di dunia.

4)      Etika Keutamaan

Etika keutamaan tidak mempersoalkan akibat suatu tindakan, tidak mendasarkan penilaian moral pada kewajiban terhadap hukum moral universal seperti kedua teori sebelumnya. Etika ini lebih mengutamakan pembangunan karakter moral pada diri setiap orang. Nilai moral bukan muncul dalam bentuk adanya aturan berupa larangan atau perintah, namun dalam bentuk teladan moral yang nyata dipraktikkan oleh tokoh-tokoh tertentu dalam masyarakat. Indikator Etika (Ethics) merupakan kemampuan individu untuk memutuskan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan issue etika dan moral, baik dan buruk, salah dan benar (Forsyth, 1980; Kohlberg, 1981; Velasques, 2005):

1.              Karena untuk menghindari hukuman;

2.              Melakukan hal yang baik jika mendapat imbalan;

3.              Sesuai dengan pendapatteman;

4.              Mentaati hukum dan Peraturan;

5.              Memenuhi kontrak sosial; dan

6.              Kesadaran individu, memenuhi tuntutan moral dan menerapkan dengan konsisten

EGOISM

Kata egoisme merupakan istilah yang berasal dari bahasa Latin yakni ego, yang berasal dari kata Yunani kuno yang masih digunakan dalam bahasa Yunani modern yang berarti diri atau saya, dan kata isme, digunakan untuk menunjukkan sistem kepercayaannya.

Egoisme adalah cara untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pandangan yang menguntungkan bagi dirinya sendiri, dan umumnya memiliki pendapat untuk meningkatkan citra pribadi seseorang dan pentingnya intelektual, fisik, sosial dan lainnya. Egoisme ini tidak memandang kepedulian terhadap orang lain maupun orang banyak pada umumnya dan hanya memikirkan diri sendiri.

Sumber :

• Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia

• Susanti, Beny. 2008. Modul Kuliah Etika Profesi Akuntansi. Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Gunadarma. Jakarta.

• http://anggrainiwulandari91.blogspot.com/2013/10/basis-teori-etika-dan-egoism.html

• http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/360/jbptunikompp-gdl-uminarinaw-17979-1-teori.pdf

• http://elib.unikom.ac.id/download.php?id=50878

Final Assignment of Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

the-unhealthy-fast-food

the/unhealthy/fast food/

the/unhealthy/fast food is noun phrase, and noun phrase is The phrase between noun, pronoun, or number (serves as head) and one or more modifiers. This phrase is used when a single noun is not specific enough to designate a noun.The is determiner. Unhealthy is the contraction of the Negative Adjective that to modify Fast Food. and on word  Unhealthy show of a person’s attitude or behaviour. Fast is the adjective modify the noun food fast food is the subject. Has is as the verb of the singular subject.And In the sentence is part of the simple sentence cause in the sentence  have one independent clause (SV)

Fast food / has / its popularity / in the 1940’s/

Fast food          noun phrase.  has / its popularity / in the 1940’s      verb+noun           Phrase.

Fast is the adjective modify the noun food. fast food is the subject. Hasis as the verb of the singular subject. The singular subject is The pronoun of the subject is she, he, or it, or a noun that can be replaced with he, she or it. Its is the adjective pronoun of popularity. Popularity is the complement. In is as the preposition of time. In the 1940’s is as the adverb of time.The is determiner. The tense of this sentence is simple present that is to express about fact. And In the sentence is part of the simple sentence cause in the sentence  have one independent clause (SV).

Within a few years, fast-food operations / popped up / everywhere.

Everywhere within a few years              adverbial phrase of place and time.

Within a few years is the adverb of time. Fast food operations is the subject. Fast is the adjective for food (N) but fast food is the adjective to modify the word operations(N). Popped up everywhere within a few years is Verb Phrase, and Popped up is past form verb. Everywhere is an Adverb point out to in all place or the whole of place. Withinis part of the preposition word on the word a few years. A is determiner of word a few years. And years is Plural Nounindicates that there is more than one. The tense of this sentence is simple past that is to express about in the past time. In the phrase Withina few years could be added at the beginning or end of the sentence. And In the sentence is part of the simple sentence cause in the sentence  have one independent clause (SV).

With the compelling rise / in fast-food restaurants / since the 1940’s, oddly / it / started /The rise in obesity / and / cancer / during that same time period.

With is a preposition. The is determiner. Compelling is gerund functioned as an adjective to modify rise (N).On Gerund Usage should be after adjectives (with preposition) The following adjacent + prepositions must be followed by the form –ING. (With The Compelling Rise in The fast food Restaurant), In is preposition. Fast-food is an adjective to modify restaurant (N). In fast food restaurant is the adverbial phrase of place. Since is an adverb of time. The is determiner. 1940’s is numbers to show a year. Oddly is an adverb. It is the subjectthat refers to the word fast food. Started is past form verb. The is determiner of the word rise (N). In is preposition. Obesity is noun. In obesity is functioned as a complement. And is a conjunction to join to noun phrases ( the rise in obesity - cancer  during that same time period). Cancer is a noun. During is preposition. That is determiner of adverbial time the phraseof the word same time period. And the word Same time period is adverb of time. And In the sentence is part of the Compound-Complex sentence cause in the sentence have two or more independent clauses PLUS one more dependent clauses, they can be arranged in these ways : (SV, and SV because SV) or (because SV;SVbut; SV). Connectors listed under patterns 2&3 are used here. (since, and).

Fast food / is / highly / processed / with a wide array of additives.

Fast Food is Noun Phrase. Fast is an adjective to modify Food as a Noun. Fast food is functioned as a Subject. highly processed with a wide array of additives is the verb phrase. And verb phrase Based on traditional grammar is a group of words in the form of main verb (main verb) and auxiliary verb (auxiliary verb) but in Generative grammar verb phrase is predicate - main verb and all elements that complete it: auxiliary verb, complement (and sentence), and / or modifier, but not subject to sentence. In the word Is serves as the auxiliary verb for the passive form of the verb processed. highly is adverb of manner. A wide array of additives is Noun Phrase. With is part of the preposition word on the word a wide array of additives. a is determiner. wide is asan adjective to modify Noun Array. of is part of the preposition word on the word Additives. Additives is noun.And In the sentence is part of the simple sentence in the sentence have one independent clause (SV)

To ensure fast food’s low cost, / the fast food / products / are made / with highly-processed ingredients / to give it shelf-life, / to hold consistency, and / to enhance / flavor.

¹.To ensure fast food’s low cost is Noun Phrase functioned as a complement of the sentence and Noun Phrase is The phrase between noun, pronoun, or number (serves as head) and one or more modifiers. This phrase is used when a single noun is not specific enough to designate a noun. to ensure is to invinitive (base Form). Fast is as an adjective to modify noun Food. And ‘s is possevive adjective. Low is an adjective to modify cost as a Noun. The sentence The Fast food is part of Noun Phrase and functioned as adjective to modify products. the is determiner. And the sentence Fast is an adjective to modify Food as a Noun. Fast food is functioned as a Subject. food is noun, but functioned as adjective to modify products as a  Plural Noun.

^2.are made / with highly- processed ingredients / to give it shelf-life, / to hold consistency, and / to enhance / flavor is Verb Phrase. are is auxiliary verb of passive form the verb processed. Made is irregular verb and this is part of the form (verb 2 and verb 3) of the word “make”. With is a preposition. highly is adverb of manner. Processed is participle form (Verb 3). Ingredients is plural noun functioned as the object. And to give its shelf-life is to infinitive phrase as the complement of the sentence.An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. And Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.) to give is to invinitive (base Form). And its is determiner (possesive adjective) that refers to the word fast food. shelf is an adjective to modify the word Life as a noun.  to hold consistency is to infinitive phrase as the complement of the sentence.An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. And Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.) to Hold is to infinitive (base Form) functioned to modify consistency as a noun. and the word and is a coordinate conjunction to join for link the three to infinitive phrases. And Coordinate conjunction is a word used to connect two identical grammatical constructs: word, phrase (phrase), or clause. to enhance flavor is to infinive phrase as the complement of sentence. (An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. And Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.) to enhance is to infinitive (base form). Flavor is noun. And all in thesentence is part of the Compound sentence cause in the sentence have two or more independent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways: (SV and SV); or (SV; however; SV)

Fast food / is altered / from its original healthy form/.

Fast food is Noun Phrase. fast is adjective to modify Noun food as the subject. Is is the auxiliary verb for altered. altered is verb change past participle form (Verb 3) for passive sentence. from is preposition. Its is determiner (possesive adjective) that refers to the word food. Original is adjective. healthy is adjective. Both of the ajectives is to modify the word form (Noun) as the headword.And In the sentence is part of the simple sentences in the sentence  have one independent clause (SV).

It/ ’s not / the calories/  in the fast food / which damage health and waistline/.

It is noun phrase functioned as subject. It is as Subjective pronoun functioned as subject.’s not / the calories/  in the fast food / which damage health and waistline  is Verb Phrase. ‘s not is the contraction of the Negativeauxuliary verb that is functioned as linking verb present of be. The is determinerof the word Calories as a Plural noun. in is part of the preposition word on the word The Fast Food. The is determiner of the word fast Food. Fast Food is Noun Phrase. Fast food is functioned as a Subject. But Fast is an adjective to modify Food as a Noun. Which is a question word functioned as relative pronoun. and which damage health and waistline isthe adjective clause to modify the noun phrase the fast food. Damage is verb for dependent clause. And health is noun. and the word and is a coordinate conjunction to join for healthy-Waistline as a noun.Coordinate conjunction is a word used to connect two identical grammatical constructs: word, phrase (phrase), or clause. And In the sentence is part of the complex sentence cause in the sentence  have one independent clause PLUS one or more dependent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways : (SV; because SV) or ( BecauseSV; SV) or (S, because SV; V).

It / is / the chemical additives / such aspartame / and / MSG (monosodium Glutamate) show / that / the chemical additives / lead to weight and disease issues.

¹It is noun phrase functioned as subject. It is as Subjective pronoun functioned as subject. It is the subject refers to fast food. Is is the auxiliary as well as the linking verb for The chemical additives. The is determiner of the word Chemical additives. Chemical is an adverb. Additives is noun. such is determiner of word Aspartame as a noun. And is a conjunction to join to noun phrases (the chemical additives such aspartame-MSG monosodium Glutamate). MSG (monosodium Glutamate) is Plural Nounfunctioned as the object. Show is as the verb of the singular subject. thatis determiner of of the word the chemical additives. The chemical additives lead to weight is verb phrase. Lead  is as the verb. To is part of the preposition word on the word weight as a noun. and is a coordinate tolink the two to infinitive phrasesAn infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. And Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs).Diseaseissues is as a noun. And In the sentence is part of the complex sentence cause in the sentence  have one independent clause PLUS one or more dependent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways : (SV; because SV) or ( BecauseSV; SV) or (S, because SV; V).

However,/ fast food / is / good / to people / which needs / quickly, pleasant, clean guarantee, delicious, simple and cheap but modern.

¹however is contrastive adverb functioned as transitional word of 2 sentences that have the meaning of contradiction. Fast food is good to people is indpendent clause. Fast food is Noun Phrase as the subject of the sentence.  “fast” is the adjective to modify Noun food as the subject. on the word is is the auxiliary verb for good to people. good is the adjective functioned as adjective to modify Plural Noun to People. But, which needs / quickly, pleasent, clean guarantee, delicious, simple and cheap but modernis dependent clause that’s functioned as an adjective clause to modify the word people. Which is a question word functioned as relative pronoun. Needs is the subject of the dependent clause (adjective clause). quickly, pleasent, clean guarantee, delicious, simple and cheap but modernare the adjectives to modify the phrase fast food. needsis a noun. quickly is an adverb. Pleasant is an adjectiveclean guarantee, delicious, simple ,cheap, modern is Adjective too. And is coordinate conjunction for the adjectives. But is coordinate conjunction that indicates a contrast between the adjectives. Coordinate conjunction is a word used to connect two identical grammatical constructs: word, phrase (phrase), or clause.And In the sentence is part of the compound sentence cause in the sentence have two or more independent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways: (Sv and sv); or (sv; however; sv).

Moreover, fast food / is / easy / to save and durable.

Moreover is adverbial conjunction functioned as additional transitory word. Fast food is Noun Phrase as the subject of the sentence. fast is the adjective to modify Noun food as the subject. Is is the auxiliary verb as well as the linking verb.easy is an adjective that’s functioned as the complement. To save and durable is to infinitive phrase fucntioned as complement and An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. And Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.)tois part of the preposition word on the word save as a verb. to save is to invinitive (base Form). And is coordinate conjunction for the adjectives and functioned as a conjunction to link the two to infinitive phrases and An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. And Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.) durable is the adjective. And In the sentence is part of the compound sentence cause in the sentence have two or more independent clauses (or main clause is a sentence that has a complete idea or a complete thought) And has the subject and the predicate (verb) in the structure of the sentence. They can be arranged in these ways: (Sv and sv); or (sv; however; sv)

So /, this food / is / absolutely / nothing / nutritional about fast food.

so is coordinate conjunction that indicates a shows the consequences of related ideas.This is determiner of adverbial phrase, it is Group of words consisting of adverbs with qualifiers (too, very, so, enough, etc) or groups of words such as: prepositional phrase or infinitive phrase that functions like an adverb.food as the subject. is is the auxiliary verb as well as the linking verb. Absolutely is an adverb.nothing  is indefinite pronoun that’s indicates the meaning of not one person. Nutritional is an adjective to modify the word fast food as a noun phrase.about is part of the preposition word on the word fast food, Fast is the adjective modify the noun food. Fast food is functioned as a Subject fast food is the subject. And In thesentence is part of the simple sentence in the sentence  have one independent clause (Sv).

Fast food / simply / feeds /  hunger and craving.

Fast food is Noun Phrase. Fast is the adjective for food (N) but fast food is the adjective to modify the word simply. feeds hunger and craving is the adjective clause to modify the noun phrase fast food.  feeds is verb for dependent clause. Dependent Clause is have additional information to the independent clause or main clause, but its existence is not a necessity in completing the sentence of the sentence. Although the dependent clause has a subject and a predicate, it can not stand alone as a complete sentenceAnd hunger is noun. and the word and is a coordinate conjunction to join for Hunger-craving as a noun. Simply is an adverb to manner. hunger is nounAnd show of feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food or something like that. Craving is noun too and show of  a powerful desire for something.And In the sentence is part of the simple sentence in the sentence  have one independent clause (Sv)

Sumber : Majalah HealthyLife